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Karla Jurvetson. John Doerr, III. Thomas F. Ronald Conway. Leonard G. Reed Hastings. Catherine Dean. Robert J. John J. William S. Mark Pincus. Whether you are a part of a full SOC in a large organization, a small security ops group, or an MSSP responsible for protecting customers, SEC will teach you and your team the critical skills for understanding how to defend a modern organization. SEC is authored, designed, and advised by a group of veteran SOC analysts and managers to be a one-stop shop for all the essential techniques, tools, and data your team will need to be effective, including:.

Don't just take our word for it, ask any of the course alumni! SEC instructors repeatedly see the long lists of improvement ideas students finish the class with, eager to bring them back to their organizations. This depth of material makes SEC and the GSOC certification a cyber security analyst training class like no other, covering techniques, mindset, and tools at a level unmatched by other offerings.

Whether you're taking SEC yourself or including it in your analyst training plan, we'd love to have you and your org join the growing list of alumni and GSOC certified security analysts helping to halt the flow of disruptive cyberattacks!

This day starts with an introduction to the blue team, the mission of a SOC, and how to understand an organization's threat model and risk appetite. It is focused on top-down learning to explain the mindset of an analyst, the workflow, and monitoring tools used in the battle against attackers.

Throughout this day, students will learn how SOC information management tools fit together, including incident management systems, threat intelligence platforms, SIEMs, and SOAR tools. We end the day describing the various groups of attackers, how their methods differ, and their motivations.

Day 2 begins the technical journey of understanding the environment. To defend a network, you must thoroughly understand its architecture and the impact that it will have on analysis. This day introduces the concepts of a modern organization's network traffic flow by dissecting a typical organization's network setup, the tools that contribute to security, and the features necessary for segmentation and monitoring.

These modules ensure that students have a firm grasp on how network design affects their "view of the world" as an analyst. After discussing the network, day 2 then goes in-depth on common network services. These sections provide a thorough, working explanation of the current and upcoming features of DNS, HTTP S , SMTP, and more, with a focus on the most important points for analysts to understand. In each section there is a focus on understanding what normal data looks like, as well as the common fields and areas that are used to spot anomalous behavior.

The goal will be to leave the day with the ability to quickly recognize common tricks used by attackers to turn these everyday services against us.

It is extremely difficult to succeed at cyber defense without knowing where and how your data is produced, so day 3 takes us down to the host, logging, and file level. Starting with a survey of common endpoint-based attack tactics, day 3 will orient students to the array of techniques that are used against their hosts.

The first portion of the day will show how each step of the attack lifecycle aligns with typical defensive tools and what methods an organization can use to detect and prevent attacks on their endpoints.

To further prepare students for attack detection, these sections are followed by a thorough review of how Linux and Windows logging works. Reviewing logging capabilities gives students perspective on which logs will be present on any given system, where to find them, and how to interpret them. These sections cover high-importance log events and provide an in-depth explanation of how to interpret the most important Windows and Linux logs.

The value of parsing and enriching logs is explained, as well as how SIEM log normalization and categorization works. These topics give a complete view of what happens from the moment a log is generated to when it shows up in our security tools.

Many new analysts struggle to understand how files are structured at a low level and therefore are hesitant when it comes to answering questions such as "could a file of type x be used for evil? This section explains the difference between binary and text-based files, and what makes a file a valid document, PDF, executable, word document, or otherwise. It also explains file-based exploitation methods and the features and formats most seen in attacks. Concepts such as using strings, hashes, and file signatures are explained to show students how to quickly and accurately identify potentially malicious file samples.

Students will finish this day understanding how different common file formats are identified, how they are typically weaponized, and how to quickly decide whether a given sample is likely to be malicious. Now that the course has covered the ground required to understand the tools and data most frequently encountered by analysts, it's time to focus on the process of analysis itself.

This day will focus on how the analysis process works and explain how to avoid the common mistakes and biases new analysts can slip into. To accomplish this, this day examines how our memory perception affects analysis and how cognitive biases cause us to fail to see what is right in front of us.

The goal is to teach students not only how to think clearly and methodically, but also how to explain how they reached their conclusions in a way that can support future analysis. In addition to analysis technique, this day covers both offensive and defensive mental models that are necessary to understand to perform high-quality analysis. Students will use these models to look at an alert queue and get a quick and intuitive understanding of which alerts may pose the biggest threat and which must be attended to first.

Afterward, safe analysis techniques and analysis operational security concerns are discussed to ensure that analysts do not tip their hand to attackers during the investigation process. The day finishes discussing both how to react to identified intrusions and considerations for doing so as well as how to ensure high-quality documentation for incidents is produced and maintained.

The goal is for students to leave this day better prepared to understand their alert queues, perform error-free investigation, and be able to choose the best response for any given attack situation. Repetitive tasks, lack of empowerment or challenges, poorly designed manual processes - analysts know these pains all too well. While these are just some of the common painful experiences in day-to-day SOC work, they are also major contributing factors to unhappiness and burnout that can cause turnover in a SOC.

Do things have to be this way? Of course not! But it will take some understanding and work on your part to do things differently.

This day focuses squarely on improving the efficiency and team enthusiasm for SOC work by tackling the most common problems head-on.

Through process optimization, careful analytic design and tuning, and workflow efficiency improvements, we can eliminate many of these common pain points. This frees us from the repetitive work we loathe and allows us to focus on what we do best - analysis! Having the time for challenging and novel work leads to a virtuous cycle of growth and engagement throughout the SOC - and improving everyone's life in the process. This day will focus on tuning your tools using clever analysis techniques and process automation to remove the monotonous and non-value-added activities from your day.

It also covers containment activities including the containment techniques teams can use, and how to decide which option is best to halt a developing incident or infection. We'll wrap up the day with recommendations on skill growth, long-term career development, and how to get more involved in the cyber defense community. The course culminates in a day-long, team-based capture the flag competition. Using network data and logs from a simulated network under attack, day six provides a full day of hands-on work applying the principles taught throughout the week.

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Popular Linux distributions [18] [19] [20] include Debian , Fedora Linux , and Ubuntu , the latter of which itself consists of many different distributions and modifications, including Lubuntu and Xubuntu. Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma.

Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether, or include a solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any purpose. Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system.

Linux also runs on embedded systems , i. devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system.

This includes routers , automation controls, smart home devices , video game consoles , [32] televisions Samsung and LG Smart TVs , [33] [34] [35] automobiles Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai and Toyota , [36] and spacecraft Falcon 9 rocket, Dragon crew capsule and the Perseverance rover.

Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The source code may be used, modified and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License GPL. The Linux kernel, for example, is licensed under the GPLv2. The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier.

As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in Later, Sun Microsystems , founded as a spin-off of a student project at Stanford University , also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in While Sun workstations didn't utilize commodity PC hardware like Linux was later developed for, it represented the first successful commercial attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix operating system.

With Unix increasingly "locked in" as a proprietary product, the GNU Project , started in by Richard Stallman , had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work began in By the early s, many of the programs required in an operating system such as libraries, compilers , text editors , a command-line shell , and a windowing system were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers , daemons , and the kernel , called GNU Hurd , were stalled and incomplete.

MINIX was created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum , a computer science professor, and released in as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles. Although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April Although not released until , due to legal complications , development of BSD , from which NetBSD , OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux.

Linus Torvalds has stated on separate occasions that if the GNU kernel or BSD had been available at the time , he probably would not have created Linux. While attending the University of Helsinki in the fall of , Torvalds enrolled in a Unix course. This textbook included a copy of Tanenbaum's MINIX operating system. It was with this course that Torvalds first became exposed to Unix.

In , he became curious about operating systems. Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on MINIX and applications written for MINIX were also used on Linux.

Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on Linux systems. Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license, which prohibited commercial redistribution, to the GNU GPL. Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention " Freax ", a portmanteau of "free", "freak", and "x" as an allusion to Unix.

During the start of his work on the system, some of the project's makefiles included the name "Freax" for about half a year. Initially, Torvalds considered the name "Linux" but dismissed it as too egotistical. To facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server ftp.

fi of FUNET in September Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at the Helsinki University of Technology HUT who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name, so he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds.

To further demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced, he included an audio guide listen help · info with the kernel source code. Adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by hobbyists, started to take off first in the mids in the supercomputing community, where organizations such as NASA started to replace their increasingly expensive machines with clusters of inexpensive commodity computers running Linux.

Commercial use began when Dell and IBM , followed by Hewlett-Packard , started offering Linux support to escape Microsoft 's monopoly in the desktop operating system market. Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from embedded systems to virtually all supercomputers , [31] [59] and have secured a place in server installations such as the popular LAMP application stack.

Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been growing. Linux's greatest success in the consumer market is perhaps the mobile device market, with Android being the dominant operating system on smartphones and very popular on tablets and, more recently, on wearables. Linux gaming is also on the rise with Valve showing its support for Linux and rolling out SteamOS , its own gaming-oriented Linux distribution, and later the Steam Deck platform.

Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments, such as the federal government of Brazil. Greg Kroah-Hartman is the lead maintainer for the Linux kernel and guides its development. These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both kernel modules and user applications and libraries. Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional package management software in the form of Linux distributions.

Many open source developers agree that the Linux kernel was not designed but rather evolved through natural selection. Torvalds considers that although the design of Unix served as a scaffolding, "Linux grew with a lot of mutations — and because the mutations were less than random, they were faster and more directed than alpha-particles in DNA.

Raymond considers Linux's revolutionary aspects to be social, not technical: before Linux, complex software was designed carefully by small groups, but "Linux evolved in a completely different way.

From nearly the beginning, it was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers coordinating only through the Internet.

Quality was maintained not by rigid standards or autocracy but by the naively simple strategy of releasing every week and getting feedback from hundreds of users within days, creating a sort of rapid Darwinian selection on the mutations introduced by developers. Such a system uses a monolithic kernel , the Linux kernel , which handles process control, networking, access to the peripherals , and file systems.

Device drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel, or added as modules that are loaded while the system is running. The GNU userland is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel, with Android being the notable exception. The Project's implementation of the C library works as a wrapper for the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the toolchain is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux development including the compilers used to build the Linux kernel itself , and the coreutils implement many basic Unix tools.

The project also develops Bash , a popular CLI shell. The graphical user interface or GUI used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of the X Window System. Many other open-source software projects contribute to Linux systems. Installed components of a Linux system include the following: [76] [78]. The user interface , also known as the shell , is either a command-line interface CLI , a graphical user interface GUI , or controls attached to the associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems.

For desktop systems, the default user interface is usually graphical, although the CLI is commonly available through terminal emulator windows or on a separate virtual console. CLI shells are text-based user interfaces, which use text for both input and output.

The dominant shell used in Linux is the Bourne-Again Shell bash , originally developed for the GNU project. Most low-level Linux components, including various parts of the userland , use the CLI exclusively.

The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks and provides very simple inter-process communication. On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces are the GUI shells , packaged together with extensive desktop environments , such as KDE Plasma , GNOME , MATE , Cinnamon , LXDE , Pantheon and Xfce , though a variety of additional user interfaces exist.

Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window System , often simply called "X". It provides network transparency and permits a graphical application running on one system to be displayed on another where a user may interact with the application; however, certain extensions of the X Window System are not capable of working over the network. Org Server , being the most popular.

Server distributions might provide a command-line interface for developers and administrators, but provide a custom interface towards end-users, designed for the use-case of the system. This custom interface is accessed through a client that resides on another system, not necessarily Linux based. Several types of window managers exist for X11, including tiling , dynamic , stacking and compositing.

Window managers provide means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interact with the X Window System.

Simpler X window managers such as dwm , ratpoison , i3wm , or herbstluftwm provide a minimalist functionality, while more elaborate window managers such as FVWM , Enlightenment or Window Maker provide more features such as a built-in taskbar and themes , but are still lightweight when compared to desktop environments. Desktop environments include window managers as part of their standard installations, such as Mutter GNOME , KWin KDE or Xfwm xfce , although users may choose to use a different window manager if preferred.

Wayland is a display server protocol intended as a replacement for the X11 protocol; as of [update] , it has received relatively wide adoption. Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes the role of the display server, window manager and compositing manager. Weston is the reference implementation of Wayland, while GNOME's Mutter and KDE's KWin are being ported to Wayland as standalone display servers. Enlightenment has already been successfully ported since version Linux currently has two modern kernel-userspace APIs for handling video input devices: V4L2 API for video streams and radio, and DVB API for digital TV reception.

Due to the complexity and diversity of different devices, and due to the large number of formats and standards handled by those APIs, this infrastructure needs to evolve to better fit other devices.

Also, a good userspace device library is the key of the success for having userspace applications to be able to work with all formats supported by those devices. The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open-source software.

Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. The most common free software license, the GNU General Public License GPL , is a form of copyleft, and is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from the GNU Project. Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX , [87] SUS , [88] LSB , ISO , and ANSI standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.

Free software projects, although developed through collaboration , are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger-scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution. Many Linux distributions manage a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection.

This allows users to adapt the operating system to their specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole. Distributions typically use a package manager such as apt , yum , zypper , pacman or portage to install, remove, and update all of a system's software from one central location.

A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis, Debian being a well-known example.

For example, fintech is enabling increased access to capital for business owners from diverse and varying backgrounds by leveraging alternative data to evaluate creditworthiness and risk models. Prior to joining Protocol in , he worked on the business desk at The New York Times, where he edited the DealBook newsletter and wrote Bits, the weekly tech newsletter. It also explains file-based exploitation methods and the features and formats most seen in attacks. The conversation that I most end up having with CEOs is about organizational transformation. It's not about having a point solution for a database or an analytic service, it's really about understanding the flow of data from when it comes into your organization all the way through the other end, where people are collaborating and sharing and making decisions based on that data.

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